- List
- Wassenaar Arrangement – List of Dual-Use Goods and Technologies – WA-LIST (25) 1
This document contains the definitions of the terms used in these Lists, in alphabetical order.
Note 1 Definitions apply throughout the Lists and their Annexes. The references are purely advisory and have no effect on the universal application of defined terms throughout these Lists and their Annexes.
Note 2 Words and terms contained in the List of Definitions only take the defined meaning where this is indicated by their being enclosed in quotations marks (" "). Elsewhere, words and terms take their commonly accepted (dictionary) meanings, unless a local definition for a particular control is given. (See also 'Statements of Understanding and Validity Notes – Definition of Terms used in these Lists').
Cat 2, 3, "Accuracy"
6, 7 (Usually measured in terms of inaccuracy) is the maximum deviation, positive or negative, of an indicated value from an accepted standard or true value.
Cat 7 "Active flight control systems"
Function to prevent undesirable "aircraft" and missile motions or structural loads by autonomously processing outputs from multiple sensors and then providing necessary preventive commands to effect automatic control.
Cat 6 "Active pixel"
A minimum (single) element of the solid-state array which has a photoelectric transfer function when exposed to light (electromagnetic) radiation.
Cat 1, 6, "Aircraft"
7, 9 A fixed wing, swivel wing, rotary wing (helicopter), tilt rotor or tilt-wing
ML1, 8, 10, 14 airborne vehicle.
Cat 9 "Airship"
A power-driven airborne vehicle that is kept buoyant by a body of gas (usually helium, formerly hydrogen) which is lighter than air.
Cat 3 "Allocated by the ITU"
Cat 5P1 The allocation of frequency bands according to the current edition of the ITU Radio Regulations for primary, permitted and secondary services.
N.B. Additional and alternative allocations are not included.
Cat 7 "Angle random walk"
The angular error build up with time that is due to white noise in angular rate (IEEE 528-2001).
Cat 5P2 "Asymmetric algorithm"
A cryptographic algorithm using different, mathematically-related keys for encryption and decryption.
Technical Note
A common use of "asymmetric algorithms" is key management.
Cat 5P2 "Authentication"
Verifying the identity of a user, process or device, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to resources in an information system. This includes verifying the origin or content of a message or other information, and all aspects of access control where there is no encryption of files or text except as directly related to the protection of passwords, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) or similar data to prevent unauthorized access.
Cat 6 "Average output power"
The total "laser" output energy, in joules, divided by the period over which a series of consecutive pulses is emitted, in seconds. For a series of uniformly-spaced pulses it is equal to the total "laser" output energy in a single pulse, in joules, multiplied by the pulse frequency of the "laser", in Hertz.
GTN "Basic scientific research"
ML22 Experimental or theoretical work undertaken principally to acquire new knowledge of the fundamental principles of phenomena or observable facts, not primarily directed towards a specific practical aim or objective.
Cat 7 "Bias" (accelerometer)
The average over a specified time of accelerometer output, measured at specified operating conditions, that has no correlation with input acceleration or rotation. "Bias" is expressed in g or in metres per second² (g or m/s²). (IEEE 528-2001) (Micro g equals 1x10⁻⁶ g).
Cat 7 "Bias" (gyro)
The average over a specified time of gyro output measured at specified operating conditions that has no correlation with input rotation or acceleration. "Bias" is typically expressed in degrees per hour (deg/hr). (IEEE 528-2001).
ML7, 22 "Biocatalysts"
'Enzymes' for specific chemical or biochemical reactions or other biological compounds which bind to and accelerate the degradation of CW agents.
Technical Note
'Enzymes' means "biocatalysts" for specific chemical or biochemical reactions.
Cat 1, ML7 "Biological agents"
Pathogens or toxins, selected or modified (such as altering purity, shelf life, virulence, dissemination characteristics, or resistance to UV radiation) to produce casualties in humans or animals, degrade equipment or damage crops or the environment.
Cat 6 "Charge multiplication"
A form of electronic image amplification defined as the generation of charge carriers as a result of an impact ionization gain process. "Charge multiplication" sensors may take the form of an image intensifier tube, solid-state detector or "focal plane array".
"Circuit element"
A single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.
Cat 7 "Circular Error Probable" ("CEP")
In a circular normal distribution, the radius of the circle containing 50% of the individual measurements being made, or the radius of the circle within which there is a 50% probability of being located.
Cat 7 "Circulation-controlled anti-torque or circulation-controlled direction control systems"
Control systems using air blown over aerodynamic surfaces to increase or control the forces generated by the surfaces.
Cat 1, 3, 4, 7 "Civil aircraft"
ML4, 10 Those "aircraft" listed by designation in published airworthiness certification lists by civil aviation authorities of one or more Wassenaar Arrangement Participating States to fly commercial civil internal and external routes or for legitimate civil, private or business use.
Cat 6 "Compensation systems"
Consist of the primary scalar sensor, one or more reference sensors (e.g., vector "magnetometers") together with software that permit reduction of the rigid body rotation noise of the platform.
Cat 1, 2, 6 "Composite"
Cat 8, 9 A "matrix" and an additional phase or additional phases consisting of particles, whiskers, fibres or any combination thereof, present for a specific purpose or purposes.
Cat 3, 6 "III/V compounds"
Polycrystalline or binary or complex monocrystalline products consisting of elements of groups IIIA and VA of Mendeleyev's periodic classification table (e.g., gallium arsenide, gallium-aluminium arsenide, indium phosphide).
Cat 2 "Contouring control"
Two or more "numerically controlled" motions operating in accordance with instructions that specify the next required position and the required feed rates to that position. These feed rates are varied in relation to each other so that a desired contour is generated (Reference: ISO/DIS 2806:1980).
Cat 1, 3 "Critical temperature"
5P1 (Sometimes referred to as the transition temperature) of a specific "superconductive" material is the temperature at which the material loses all resistance to the flow of direct electrical current.
Cat 5P2 "Cryptographic activation"
Any technique that specifically activates or enables cryptographic capability of an item, by means of a mechanism implemented by the manufacturer of the item, where this mechanism is uniquely bound to any of the following:
1. A single instance of the item; or
2. One customer, for multiple instances of the item.
Technical Notes
1. ″Cryptographic activation″ techniques and mechanisms may be implemented as hardware, ″software″ or ″technology″.
2. Mechanisms for "cryptographic activation" can, for example, be serial number-based licence keys or authentication instruments such as digitally signed certificates.
Cat 5P2 "Cryptography"
The discipline which embodies principles, means and methods for the transformation of data in order to hide its information content, prevent its undetected modification or prevent its unauthorized use. "Cryptography" is limited to the transformation of information using one or more 'secret parameters' (e.g., crypto variables) or associated key management.
Notes
1. "Cryptography" does not include 'fixed' data compression or coding techniques.
2. "Cryptography" includes decryption.
Technical Notes
1. 'Secret parameter': a constant or key kept from the knowledge of others or shared only within a group.
2. 'Fixed': the coding or compression algorithm cannot accept externally supplied parameters (e.g., cryptographic or key variables) and cannot be modified by the user.
Cat 6 "CW Laser"
A "laser" that produces a nominally constant output energy for greater than 0.25 seconds.
Cat 4 "Cyber incident response"
ML21 The process of exchanging necessary information on a cybersecurity incident with individuals or organisations responsible for conducting or coordinating remediation to address the cybersecurity incident.
"Data device"
Equipment capable of transmitting or receiving sequences of digital information.
Cat 7 "Data-Based Referenced Navigation" ("DBRN") Systems
Systems which use various sources of previously measured geo-mapping data integrated to provide accurate navigation information under dynamic conditions. Data sources include bathymetric maps, stellar maps, gravity maps, magnetic maps or 3-D digital terrain maps.
GTN "Development"
Both Lists Is related to all stages prior to serial production, such as: design, design research, design analyses, design concepts, assembly and testing of prototypes, pilot production schemes, design data, process of transforming design data into a product, configuration design, integration design, layouts.
Cat 1, 2 "Diffusion bonding"
A solid-state joining of at least two separate pieces of metals into a single piece with a joint strength equivalent to that of the weakest material, wherein the principal mechanism is interdiffusion of atoms across the interface.
Cat 4, 5P1 "Digital computer"
ML21 Equipment which can, in the form of one or more discrete variables, perform all of the following:
a. Accept data;
b. Store data or instructions in fixed or alterable (writable) storage devices;
c. Process data by means of a stored sequence of instructions which is modifiable; and
d. Provide output of data.
Technical Note
Modifications of a stored sequence of instructions include replacement of fixed storage devices, but not a physical change in wiring or interconnections.
"Digital transfer rate"
The total bit rate of the information that is directly transferred on any type of medium. (See also "total digital transfer rate").
"Discrete component"
A separately packaged "circuit element" with its own external connections.
Cat 2, 3, 4 "Electronic assembly"
A number of electronic components (i.e., "circuit elements", "discrete components", integrated circuits, etc.) connected together to perform (a) specific function(s), replaceable as an entity and normally capable of being disassembled.
Cat 2 "End-effectors"
ML17 Grippers, 'active tooling units' and any other tooling that is attached to the baseplate on the end of a "robot" manipulator arm.
Technical Note
'Active tooling units' are devices for applying motive power, process energy or sensing to a workpiece.
Cat 1 "Energetic materials"
ML8 Substances or mixtures that react chemically to release energy required for their intended application. "Explosives", "pyrotechnics" and "propellants" are subclasses of energetic materials.
Cat 6 "Equivalent density"
The mass of an optic per unit optical area projected onto the optical surface.
Cat 1 "Equivalent standards"
ML6, 13 Comparable national or international standards recognised by one or more Wassenaar Arrangement Participating States and applicable to the relevant entry.
ML8, 18 "Explosives"
Cat 1 Solid, liquid or gaseous substances or mixtures of substances which, in their application as primary, booster, or main charges in warheads, demolition and other applications, are required to detonate.
Cat 9 "FADEC Systems"
Full Authority Digital Engine Control Systems – A digital electronic control system for a gas turbine engine that is able to autonomously control the engine throughout its whole operating range from demanded engine start until demanded engine shut-down, in both normal and fault conditions.
Cat 1, 8, 9 "Fibrous or filamentary materials"
ML13 Include:
a. Continuous monofilaments;
b. Continuous yarns and rovings;
c. Tapes, fabrics, random mats and braids;
d. Chopped fibres, staple fibres and coherent fibre blankets;
e. Whiskers, either monocrystalline or polycrystalline, of any length;
f. Aromatic polyamide pulp.
ML15 "First generation image intensifier tubes"
Electrostatically focused tubes, employing input and output fibre optic or glass face plates, multi-alkali photocathodes (S-20 or S-25), but not microchannel plate amplifiers.
Cat 7 "Fly-by-light system"
A primary digital flight control system employing feedback to control the "aircraft" during flight, where the commands to the effectors/actuators are optical signals.
Cat 7 "Fly-by-wire system"
A primary digital flight control system employing feedback to control the "aircraft" during flight, where the commands to the effectors/actuators are electrical signals.
Cat 6, 8 "Focal plane array"
A linear or two-dimensional planar layer, or combination of planar layers, of individual detector elements, with or without readout electronics, which work in the focal plane.
Note This definition does not include a stack of single detector elements or any two, three or four element detectors provided time delay and integration is not performed within the element.
Cat 3 "Fractional bandwidth"
5P1, 5P2 The "instantaneous bandwidth" divided by the centre frequency, expressed as a percentage.
Cat 5P1 "Frequency hopping"
5P2, 6 A form of "spread spectrum" in which the transmission frequency of a single communication channel is made to change by a random or pseudo-random sequence of discrete steps.
Cat 3 "Frequency switching time"
The time (i.e., delay) taken by a signal when switched from an initial specified output frequency, to arrive at or within any of the following:
a. ±100 Hz of a final specified output frequency of less than 1 GHz; or
b. ±0.1 part per million of a final specified output frequency equal to or greater than 1 GHz.
Cat 8 "Fuel cell"
ML17 An electrochemical device that converts chemical energy directly into Direct Current (DC) electricity by consuming fuel from an external source.
Cat 1 "Fusible"
Capable of being cross-linked or polymerized further (cured) by the use of heat, radiation, catalysts, etc., or that can be melted without pyrolysis (charring).
Cat 3 "Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor" ("GAAFET")
A device having a single or multiple semiconductor conduction channel element(s) with a common gate structure that surrounds and controls current in all of the semiconductor conduction channel elements.
Note This definition includes nanosheet or nanowire field-effect and surrounding gate transistors and other "GAAFET" semiconductor channel element structures.
Cat 5P1 "Hard selectors"
Data or set of data, related to an individual (e.g., family name, given name, e-mail, street address, phone number or group affiliations).
Cat 9 "High output diesel engines"
Diesel engines with a specified brake mean effective pressure of 1.8 MPa or more at a speed of 2,300 r.p.m., provided the rated speed is 2,300 r.p.m. or more.
Cat 3 "Hybrid integrated circuit"
Any combination of integrated circuit(s), or integrated circuit with "circuit elements" or "discrete components" connected together to perform (a) specific function(s), and having all of the following characteristics:
a. Containing at least one unencapsulated device;
b. Connected together using typical IC production methods;
c. Replaceable as an entity; and
d. Not normally capable of being disassembled.
Cat 4 "Image enhancement"
The processing of externally derived information-bearing images by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform). This does not include algorithms using only linear or rotational transformation of a single image, such as translation, feature extraction, registration or false coloration.
GSN "Information security"
GISN All the means and functions ensuring the accessibility, confidentiality or
Cat 5P2 integrity of information or communications, excluding the means and functions intended to safeguard against malfunctions. This includes "cryptography", "cryptographic activation", 'cryptanalysis', protection against compromising emanations and computer security.
Technical Note
'Cryptanalysis': the analysis of a cryptographic system or its inputs and outputs to derive confidential variables or sensitive data, including clear text. (Reference: ISO 7498-2:1988 (E), paragraph 3.3.18).
Cat 3 "Instantaneous bandwidth"
5P1 The bandwidth over which output power remains constant within 3 dB without adjustment of other operating parameters.
Cat 3 "Interleaved Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)"
Devices that have multiple ADC units that sample the same analogue input at different times such that when the outputs are aggregated, the analogue input has been effectively sampled and converted at a higher sampling rate.
GTN "In the public domain"
GSN This means "technology" or "software" which has been made available
ML22 without restrictions upon its further dissemination.
Note Copyright restrictions do not remove "technology" or "software" from being "in the public domain".
Cat 6 "Intrinsic magnetic gradiometer"
A single magnetic field gradient sensing element and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient.
Cat 4 "Intrusion software"
5P2 "Software" specially designed or modified to avoid detection by 'monitoring tools', or to defeat 'protective countermeasures', of a computer or network-capable device, and performing any of the following:
a. The extraction of data or information, from a computer or network-capable device, or the modification of system or user data; or
b. The modification of the standard execution path of a "program" or process in order to allow the execution of externally provided instructions.
Notes
1. "Intrusion software" does not include any of the following:
a. Hypervisors, debuggers or Software Reverse Engineering (SRE) tools;
b. Digital Rights Management (DRM) "software"; or
c. "Software" designed to be installed by manufacturers, administrators or users, for the purposes of asset tracking or recovery.
2. Network-capable devices include mobile devices and smart meters.
Technical Notes
1. 'Monitoring tools': "software" or hardware devices, that monitor system behaviours or processes running on a device. This includes antivirus (AV) products, end point security products, Personal Security Products (PSP), Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) or firewalls.
2. 'Protective countermeasures': techniques designed to ensure the safe execution of code, such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Address Space Layout Randomisation (ASLR) or sandboxing.
Cat 1, 2, 3, "Laser"
5P1, 6, 7, 8, 9 An item that produces spatially and temporally coherent light through
ML9, 13, 17, 19 amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Cat 1 "Library" (parametric technical database)
ML17 A collection of technical information, reference to which may enhance the performance of relevant systems, equipment or components.
ML10 "Lighter-than-air vehicles"
Balloons and "airships" that rely on hot air or on lighter-than-air gases such as helium or hydrogen for their lift.
Cat 4 "Local area network"
5P1 A data communication system having all of the following characteristics:
a. Allows an arbitrary number of independent "data devices" to communicate directly with each other; and
b. Is confined to a geographical area of moderate size (e.g., office building, plant, campus, warehouse).
Cat 6 "Magnetic gradiometers"
Are designed to detect the spatial variation of magnetic fields from sources external to the instrument. They consist of multiple "magnetometers" and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient. (See also "Intrinsic Magnetic Gradiometer")
Cat 6 "Magnetometers"
Are designed to detect magnetic fields from sources external to the instrument. They consist of a single magnetic field sensing element and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of the magnetic field.
Cat 7 "Maintenance Level I"
The failure of an inertial navigation unit is detected on the "aircraft" by indications from the Control and Display Unit (CDU) or by the status message from the corresponding sub-system. By following the manufacturer's manual, the cause of the failure may be localised at the level of the malfunctioning Line Replaceable Unit (LRU). The operator then removes the LRU and replaces it with a spare.
Cat 7 "Maintenance Level II"
The defective LRU is sent to the maintenance workshop (the manufacturer's or that of the operator responsible for level II maintenance). At the maintenance workshop, the malfunctioning LRU is tested by various appropriate means to verify and localise the defective Shop Replaceable Assembly (SRA) module responsible for the failure. This SRA is removed and replaced by an operative spare. The defective SRA (or possibly the complete LRU) is then shipped to the manufacturer. "Maintenance Level II" does not include the disassembly or repair of specified accelerometers or gyro sensors.
Cat 1, 2 "Matrix"
8, 9 A substantially continuous phase that fills the space between particles, whiskers or fibres.
Cat 3 "Microcomputer microcircuit"
A "monolithic integrated circuit" or "multichip integrated circuit" containing an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) capable of executing general purpose instructions from an internal storage, on data contained in the internal storage.
Technical Note
The internal storage may be augmented by an external storage.
Cat 3 "Microprocessor microcircuit"
A "monolithic integrated circuit" or "multichip integrated circuit" containing an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) capable of executing a series of general purpose instructions from an external storage.
Technical Note
The "microprocessor microcircuit" normally does not contain integral user-accessible storage, although storage present on-the-chip may be used in performing its logic function.
Note This definition includes chip sets which are designed to operate together to provide the function of a "microprocessor microcircuit".
"Microprogram"
A sequence of elementary instructions maintained in a special storage, the execution of which is initiated by the introduction of its reference instruction into an instruction register.
Cat 3 "Monolithic integrated circuit"
A combination of passive or active "circuit elements" or both which:
a. Are formed by means of diffusion processes, implantation processes or deposition processes in or on a single semiconducting piece of material, a so-called chip;
b. Can be considered as indivisibly associated; and
c. Perform the function(s) of a circuit.
Cat 3, 5P1 "Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit" ("MMIC")
A "monolithic integrated circuit" that operates at microwave or millimeter wave frequencies.
Cat 6 "Monospectral imaging sensors"
Are capable of acquisition of imaging data from one discrete spectral band.
Cat 3 "Multichip integrated circuit"
Two or more "monolithic integrated circuits" bonded to a common "substrate".
Cat 3 "Multiple channel Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)"
Devices that integrate more than one ADC, designed so that each ADC has a separate analogue input.
Cat 6 "Multispectral imaging sensors"
Are capable of simultaneous or serial acquisition of imaging data from two or more discrete spectral bands. Sensors having more than twenty discrete spectral bands are sometimes referred to as hyperspectral imaging sensors.
Cat 6 "Non-repetitive pulsed"
"Lasers" that produce either a single output pulse or that have a time interval between pulses exceeding one minute.
ML9, 17 "Nuclear reactor"
Includes the items within or attached directly to the reactor vessel, the equipment which controls the level of power in the core, and the components which normally contain or come into direct contact with or control the primary coolant of the reactor core.
Cat 2 "Numerical control"
The automatic control of a process performed by a device that makes use of numeric data usually introduced as the operation is in progress (Reference: ISO 2382).
GSN "Object code"
An equipment executable form of a convenient expression of one or more processes ("source code" (or source language)) which has been compiled by a programming system.
Cat 5P2 "Operations, Administration or Maintenance" ("OAM")
Means performing one or more of the following tasks:
a. Establishing or managing any of the following:
1. Accounts or privileges of users or administrators;
2. Settings of an item; or
3. Authentication data in support of the tasks described in paragraphs a.1. or a.2.;
b. Monitoring or managing the operating condition or performance of an item; or
c. Managing logs or audit data in support of any of the tasks described in paragraphs a. or b.
Note "OAM" does not include any of the following tasks or their associated key management functions:
a. Provisioning or upgrading any cryptographic functionality that is not directly related to establishing or managing authentication data in support of the tasks described in paragraphs a.1. or a.2. above; or
b. Performing any cryptographic functionality on the forwarding or data plane of an item.
Cat 3 "Optical integrated circuit"
A "monolithic integrated circuit" or a "hybrid integrated circuit", containing one or more parts designed to function as a photosensor or photoemitter or to perform (an) optical or (an) electro-optical function(s).
Cat 6 "Peak power"
The highest power attained in the "pulse duration".
Cat 5P2 "Personal area network"
A data communication system having all of the following characteristics:
a. Allows an arbitrary number of independent or interconnected "data devices" to communicate directly with each other; and
b. Is confined to the communication between devices within the immediate physical vicinity of an individual person or device controller (e.g., single room, office or automobile).
Technical Note
The "local area network" extends beyond the geographical area of the "personal area network".
ML8 "Precursors"
Speciality chemicals used in the manufacture of explosives.
Cat 4 "Principal element"
An element is a "principal element" when its replacement value is more than 35% of the total value of the system of which it is an element. Element value is the price paid for the element by the manufacturer of the system, or by the system integrator. Total value is the normal international selling price to unrelated parties at the point of manufacture or consolidation of shipment.
GTN "Production"
Both Lists Means all production stages, such as: product engineering, manufacture, integration, assembly (mounting), inspection, testing, quality assurance.
Cat 1, 7 "Program"
A sequence of instructions to carry out a process in, or convertible into, a form executable by an electronic computer.
ML8 "Propellants"
Substances or mixtures that react chemically to produce large volumes of hot gases at controlled rates to perform mechanical work.
Cat 6 "Pulse compression"
The coding and processing of a radar signal pulse of long time duration to one of short time duration, while maintaining the benefits of high pulse energy.
Cat 6 "Pulse duration"
Duration of a "laser" pulse is the time between the half-power points on the leading edge and trailing edge of an individual pulse.
ML2, 4, 8 "Pyrotechnic(s)"
Mixtures of solid or liquid fuels and oxidizers which, when ignited, undergo an energetic chemical reaction at a controlled rate intended to produce specific time delays, or quantities of heat, noise, smoke, visible light or infrared radiation. Pyrophorics are a subclass of pyrotechnics, which contain no oxidizers but ignite spontaneously on contact with air.
Cat 5P2 "Quantum cryptography"
A family of techniques for the establishment of a shared key for "cryptography" by measuring the quantum-mechanical properties of a physical system (including those physical properties explicitly governed by quantum optics, quantum field theory, or quantum electrodynamics).
Cat 6 "Radar spread spectrum"
Any modulation technique for spreading energy originating from a signal with a relatively narrow frequency band, over a much wider band of frequencies, by using random or pseudo-random coding.
Cat 6 "Radiant sensitivity"
Radiant sensitivity (mA/W) = 0.807 x (wavelength in nm) x Quantum Efficiency (QE).
Technical Note
QE is usually expressed as a percentage; however, for the purposes of this formula QE is expressed as a decimal number less than one, e.g., 78% is 0.78.
Cat 6 "Real-time processing"
The processing of data by a computer system providing a required level of service, as a function of available resources, within a guaranteed response time, regardless of the load of the system, when stimulated by an external event.
Cat 7 "Repeatability"
The closeness of agreement among repeated measurements of the same variable under the same operating conditions when changes in conditions or non-operating periods occur between measurements. (Reference: IEEE 528-2001 (one sigma standard deviation))
Cat 3, 5P1 "Required"
6, 7, 9 As applied to "technology", refers to only that portion of "technology"
GTN which is peculiarly responsible for achieving or exceeding the controlled
ML22 performance levels, characteristics or functions. Such "required" "technology" may be shared by different products.
Cat 1 "Riot Control Agents" ("RCAs")
ML7 Substances which, under the expected conditions of use for riot control purposes, produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure. (Tear gases are a subset of "riot control agents".)
Note "RCAs" include:
1. α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile, (Bromobenzyl cyanide) (CA) (CAS 5798-79-8);
2. [(2-chlorophenyl) methylene] propanedinitrile, (o-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile) (CS) (CAS 2698-41-1);
3. 2-Chloro-1-phenylethanone, Phenylacyl chloride (-chloroacetophenone) (CN) (CAS 532-27-4);
4. Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine, (CR) (CAS 257-07-8);
5. 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine, (Phenarsazine chloride), (Adamsite), (DM) (CAS 578-94-9);
6. N-Nonanoylmorpholine, (MPA) (CAS 5299-64-9).
Cat 2, 8 "Robot"
ML17 A manipulation mechanism, which may be of the continuous path or of the point-to-point variety, may use sensors, and has all the following characteristics:
a. Is multifunctional;
b. Is capable of positioning or orienting material, parts, tools or special devices through variable movements in three dimensional space;
c. Incorporates three or more closed or open loop servo-devices which may include stepping motors; and
d. Has "user-accessible programmability" by means of the teach/playback method or by means of an electronic computer which may be a programmable logic controller, i.e., without mechanical intervention.
Note The above definition does not include the following devices:
1. Manipulation mechanisms which are only manually/tele-operator controllable;
2. Fixed sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is mechanically limited by fixed stops, such as pins or cams. The sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are not variable or changeable by mechanical, electronic or electrical means;
3. Mechanically controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is mechanically limited by fixed, but adjustable stops, such as pins or cams. The sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are variable within the fixed programme pattern. Variations or modifications of the programme pattern (e.g., changes of pins or exchanges of cams) in one or more motion axes are accomplished only through mechanical operations;
4. Non-servo-controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is variable but the sequence proceeds only by the binary signal from mechanically fixed electrical binary devices or adjustable stops;
5. Stacker cranes defined as Cartesian coordinate manipulator systems manufactured as an integral part of a vertical array of storage bins and designed to access the contents of those bins for storage or retrieval.
Cat 3 "Sample rate"
For an Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC) the maximum number of samples that are measured at the analogue input over a period of one second, except for oversampling ADCs. For oversampling ADCs the "sample rate" is taken to be its output word rate. "Sample rate" may also be referred to as sampling rate, usually specified in Mega Samples Per Second (MSPS) or Giga Samples Per Second (GSPS), or conversion rate, usually specified in Hertz (Hz).
Cat 5, 9 "Satellite"
A "spacecraft", other than a "space vehicle", designed to operate in orbit around Earth or another celestial body; "satellites" include orbital space stations.
Cat 5P2, 7 "Satellite navigation system"
ML11 A system consisting of ground stations, a constellation of "satellites", and receivers, that enables receiver locations to be calculated on the basis of signals received from the "satellites". It includes Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems.
Cat 7 "Scale factor" (gyro or accelerometer)
The ratio of change in output to a change in the input intended to be measured. Scale factor is generally evaluated as the slope of the straight line that can be fitted by the method of least squares to input-output data obtained by varying the input cyclically over the input range.
Cat 3 "Signal analysers"
Apparatus capable of measuring and displaying basic properties of the single-frequency components of multi-frequency signals.
Cat 3, 4 "Signal processing"
5P1, 6 The processing of externally derived information-bearing signals by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform).
Both Lists "Software"
A collection of one or more "programs" or "microprograms" fixed in any tangible medium of expression.
Cat 6, 7, 9 "Source code"
A convenient expression of one or more processes which may be turned by a programming system into equipment executable form ("object code" (or object language)).
Cat 5, 9 "Spacecraft"
ML11 A craft designed to operate in, persist in or transit through space in the form of a "satellite", "space probe", or "space vehicle".
Note "Spacecraft" does not include landers, rovers, or other craft, limited by design to operate on or beneath the surface of, or in the atmosphere of an extra-terrestrial celestial body, or "sub-orbital craft".
Cat 9 "Spacecraft bus"
Equipment that provides the support infrastructure of the "spacecraft" and location for the "spacecraft mission equipment".
Cat 9 "Spacecraft mission equipment"
Equipment designed to be located on a "spacecraft bus", and to perform a mission in space or to enable the "spacecraft" to perform its mission (e.g., communications, observation, science, transport).
Technical Note
"Spacecraft mission equipment" is sometimes referred to as a spacecraft payload.
Cat 9 "Space probe"
A "spacecraft", other than a "satellite" or "space vehicle", designed not to return to Earth.
Cat 9 "Space vehicle"
A "spacecraft" designed to provide transport for cargo or passengers.
Note "Space vehicles" include craft designed to safely return to Earth.
Cat 3, 6, 7 "Space-qualified"
ML19 Designed, manufactured, or qualified through successful testing, for operation at altitudes greater than 100 km above the surface of the Earth.
Note A determination that a specific item is "space- qualified" by virtue of testing does not mean that other items in the same production run or model series are "space-qualified” if not individually tested.
Cat 1 "Specific modulus"
Young's modulus in pascals, equivalent to N/m², divided by specific weight in N/m³, measured at a temperature of 296 ± 2 K (23 ± 2°C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%.
Cat 1 "Specific tensile strength"
Ultimate tensile strength in pascals, equivalent to N/m², divided by specific weight in N/m³, measured at a temperature of 296 ± 2 K (23 ± 2°C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%.
Cat 7 "Spinning mass gyros"
"Spinning mass gyros" are gyros which use a continually rotating mass to sense angular motion.
Cat 5P1 "Spread spectrum"
5P2 The technique whereby energy in a relatively narrow-band communication channel is spread over a much wider energy spectrum.
Cat 6 "Spread spectrum" radar - see "Radar spread spectrum"
Cat 7 "Stability"
Standard deviation (1 sigma) of the variation of a particular parameter from its calibrated value measured under stable temperature conditions. This can be expressed as a function of time.
Statement of Understanding
For gyroscopes and accelerometers, "stability" can be estimated by determining the Allan variance noise-analysis value at the integration period (i.e., sample time) consistent with the stated measurement period, which may include extrapolating the Allan variance noise analysis beyond the instability point into the rate/acceleration random walk or rate/acceleration ramp regions to an integration period consistent with the stated measurement period (Reference: IEEE 952-1997 [R2008] or IEEE 1293-1998 [R2008]).
Cat 9 "Steady state mode"
The term "steady state mode" defines engine operation conditions, where the engine parameters, such as thrust/power, rpm and others, have no appreciable fluctuations, when the ambient air temperature and pressure at the engine inlet are constant.
Cat 9 "Strong mechanical bond"
A bond having a bond strength equal to or greater than propellant strength.
Cat 9 "Sub-orbital craft"
ML10 A craft having an enclosure designed for the transport of people or cargo, which is designed to:
a. Operate above the stratosphere;
b. Only perform non-orbital trajectories; and
c. Land back on Earth with the people or cargo intact.
Cat 3 "Substrate"
A sheet of base material with or without an interconnection pattern and on which or within which "discrete components" or integrated circuits or both can be located.
Cat 3, 6 "Substrate blanks"
Monolithic compounds with dimensions suitable for the production of optical elements such as mirrors or optical windows.
Cat 2, 9 "Superalloy"
Nickel-, cobalt- or iron-base alloys having a stress rupture life greater than 1000 hours at 400 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength greater than 850 MPa, at 922 K (649°C) or higher.
Cat 1, 3 "Superconductive"
5P1, 6, 8 Refers to materials, (i.e., metals, alloys or compounds) which can lose all
ML20 electrical resistance (i.e., which can attain infinite electrical conductivity and carry very large electrical currents without Joule heating).
Technical Note
The "superconductive" state of a material is individually characterised by a "critical temperature", a critical magnetic field, which is a function of temperature, and a critical current density which is, however, a function of both magnetic field and temperature.
Cat 6 "Super High Power Laser" ("SHPL")
A "laser" capable of delivering (the total or any portion of) the output energy exceeding 1 kJ within 50 ms or having an average or CW power exceeding 20 kW.
Cat 1, 2 "Superplastic forming"
A deformation process using heat for metals that are normally characterised by low values of elongation (less than 20%) at the breaking point as determined at room temperature by conventional tensile strength testing, in order to achieve elongations during processing which are at least 2 times those values.
GTN & "Technology"
Both Lists Specific information necessary for the "development", "production" or "use" of a product. The information takes the form of 'technical data' or 'technical assistance'. Specified "technology" for the Dual-Use List is defined in the General Technology Note and in the Dual-Use List. Specified "technology" for the Munitions List is defined in ML22.
Technical Notes
1. 'Technical data' may take forms such as blueprints, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, algorithms, tables, engineering designs and specifications, manuals and instructions written or recorded on other media or devices such as disk, tape, read-only memories.
2. 'Technical assistance' may take forms such as instruction, skills, training, working knowledge, consulting services. 'Technical assistance' may involve transfer of 'technical data'.
Cat 2 "Tilting spindle"
A tool-holding spindle which alters, during the machining process, the angular position of its centre line with respect to any other axis.
Cat 6 "Time constant"
The time taken from the application of a light stimulus for the current increment to reach a value of 1-1/e times the final value (i.e., 63% of the final value).
Cat 9 "Tip shroud"
A stationary ring component (solid or segmented) attached to the inner surface of the engine turbine casing or a feature at the outer tip of the turbine blade, which primarily provides a gas seal between the stationary and rotating components.
Cat 7 "Total control of flight"
Automated control of "aircraft" state variables and flight path to meet mission objectives responding to real time changes in data regarding objectives, hazards or other "aircraft".
Cat 5P1 "Total digital transfer rate"
The number of bits, including line coding, overhead and so forth per unit time passing between corresponding equipment in a digital transmission system. (See also "digital transfer rate")
Cat 6 "Tunable"
The ability of a "laser" to produce a continuous output at all wavelengths over a range of several "laser" transitions. A line selectable "laser" produces discrete wavelengths within one "laser" transition and is not considered "tunable".
Cat 2 "Unidirectional positioning repeatability"
The smaller of values R↑ and R↓ (forward and backward), as defined by 3.21 of ISO 230-2:2014 or national equivalents, of an individual machine tool axis.
Cat 9 "Unmanned aerial vehicle" ("UAV")
ML10 Any "aircraft" capable of initiating flight and sustaining controlled flight and navigation without any human presence on board.
GTN "Use"
Dual-Use List Operation, installation (including on-site installation), maintenance
(checking), repair, overhaul and refurbishing.
Cat 6 "User-accessible programmability"
The facility allowing a user to insert, modify or replace "programs" by means other than:
a. A physical change in wiring or interconnections; or
b. The setting of function controls including entry of parameters.
Cat 3 "Vacuum electronic devices"
Electronic devices based on the interaction of an electron beam with an electromagnetic wave propagating in a vacuum circuit or interacting with radio-frequency vacuum cavity resonators. "Vacuum electronic devices" include klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, and their derivatives.
Cat 4 "Vulnerability disclosure"
ML21 The process of identifying, reporting or communicating a vulnerability to, or analysing a vulnerability with, individuals or organisations responsible for conducting or coordinating remediation for the purposes of resolving the vulnerability.
Cat 6 "Wall-plug efficiency"
The ratio of "laser" output power (or "average output power") to total electrical input power required to operate the "laser", including the power supply/conditioning and thermal conditioning/heat exchanger.
Note 1 Definitions apply throughout the Lists and their Annexes. The references are purely advisory and have no effect on the universal application of defined terms throughout these Lists and their Annexes.
Note 2 Words and terms contained in the List of Definitions only take the defined meaning where this is indicated by their being enclosed in quotations marks (" "). Elsewhere, words and terms take their commonly accepted (dictionary) meanings, unless a local definition for a particular control is given. (See also 'Statements of Understanding and Validity Notes – Definition of Terms used in these Lists').
Cat 2, 3, "Accuracy"
6, 7 (Usually measured in terms of inaccuracy) is the maximum deviation, positive or negative, of an indicated value from an accepted standard or true value.
Cat 7 "Active flight control systems"
Function to prevent undesirable "aircraft" and missile motions or structural loads by autonomously processing outputs from multiple sensors and then providing necessary preventive commands to effect automatic control.
Cat 6 "Active pixel"
A minimum (single) element of the solid-state array which has a photoelectric transfer function when exposed to light (electromagnetic) radiation.
Cat 1, 6, "Aircraft"
7, 9 A fixed wing, swivel wing, rotary wing (helicopter), tilt rotor or tilt-wing
ML1, 8, 10, 14 airborne vehicle.
Cat 9 "Airship"
A power-driven airborne vehicle that is kept buoyant by a body of gas (usually helium, formerly hydrogen) which is lighter than air.
Cat 3 "Allocated by the ITU"
Cat 5P1 The allocation of frequency bands according to the current edition of the ITU Radio Regulations for primary, permitted and secondary services.
N.B. Additional and alternative allocations are not included.
Cat 7 "Angle random walk"
The angular error build up with time that is due to white noise in angular rate (IEEE 528-2001).
Cat 5P2 "Asymmetric algorithm"
A cryptographic algorithm using different, mathematically-related keys for encryption and decryption.
Technical Note
A common use of "asymmetric algorithms" is key management.
Cat 5P2 "Authentication"
Verifying the identity of a user, process or device, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to resources in an information system. This includes verifying the origin or content of a message or other information, and all aspects of access control where there is no encryption of files or text except as directly related to the protection of passwords, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) or similar data to prevent unauthorized access.
Cat 6 "Average output power"
The total "laser" output energy, in joules, divided by the period over which a series of consecutive pulses is emitted, in seconds. For a series of uniformly-spaced pulses it is equal to the total "laser" output energy in a single pulse, in joules, multiplied by the pulse frequency of the "laser", in Hertz.
GTN "Basic scientific research"
ML22 Experimental or theoretical work undertaken principally to acquire new knowledge of the fundamental principles of phenomena or observable facts, not primarily directed towards a specific practical aim or objective.
Cat 7 "Bias" (accelerometer)
The average over a specified time of accelerometer output, measured at specified operating conditions, that has no correlation with input acceleration or rotation. "Bias" is expressed in g or in metres per second² (g or m/s²). (IEEE 528-2001) (Micro g equals 1x10⁻⁶ g).
Cat 7 "Bias" (gyro)
The average over a specified time of gyro output measured at specified operating conditions that has no correlation with input rotation or acceleration. "Bias" is typically expressed in degrees per hour (deg/hr). (IEEE 528-2001).
ML7, 22 "Biocatalysts"
'Enzymes' for specific chemical or biochemical reactions or other biological compounds which bind to and accelerate the degradation of CW agents.
Technical Note
'Enzymes' means "biocatalysts" for specific chemical or biochemical reactions.
Cat 1, ML7 "Biological agents"
Pathogens or toxins, selected or modified (such as altering purity, shelf life, virulence, dissemination characteristics, or resistance to UV radiation) to produce casualties in humans or animals, degrade equipment or damage crops or the environment.
Cat 6 "Charge multiplication"
A form of electronic image amplification defined as the generation of charge carriers as a result of an impact ionization gain process. "Charge multiplication" sensors may take the form of an image intensifier tube, solid-state detector or "focal plane array".
"Circuit element"
A single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.
Cat 7 "Circular Error Probable" ("CEP")
In a circular normal distribution, the radius of the circle containing 50% of the individual measurements being made, or the radius of the circle within which there is a 50% probability of being located.
Cat 7 "Circulation-controlled anti-torque or circulation-controlled direction control systems"
Control systems using air blown over aerodynamic surfaces to increase or control the forces generated by the surfaces.
Cat 1, 3, 4, 7 "Civil aircraft"
ML4, 10 Those "aircraft" listed by designation in published airworthiness certification lists by civil aviation authorities of one or more Wassenaar Arrangement Participating States to fly commercial civil internal and external routes or for legitimate civil, private or business use.
Cat 6 "Compensation systems"
Consist of the primary scalar sensor, one or more reference sensors (e.g., vector "magnetometers") together with software that permit reduction of the rigid body rotation noise of the platform.
Cat 1, 2, 6 "Composite"
Cat 8, 9 A "matrix" and an additional phase or additional phases consisting of particles, whiskers, fibres or any combination thereof, present for a specific purpose or purposes.
Cat 3, 6 "III/V compounds"
Polycrystalline or binary or complex monocrystalline products consisting of elements of groups IIIA and VA of Mendeleyev's periodic classification table (e.g., gallium arsenide, gallium-aluminium arsenide, indium phosphide).
Cat 2 "Contouring control"
Two or more "numerically controlled" motions operating in accordance with instructions that specify the next required position and the required feed rates to that position. These feed rates are varied in relation to each other so that a desired contour is generated (Reference: ISO/DIS 2806:1980).
Cat 1, 3 "Critical temperature"
5P1 (Sometimes referred to as the transition temperature) of a specific "superconductive" material is the temperature at which the material loses all resistance to the flow of direct electrical current.
Cat 5P2 "Cryptographic activation"
Any technique that specifically activates or enables cryptographic capability of an item, by means of a mechanism implemented by the manufacturer of the item, where this mechanism is uniquely bound to any of the following:
1. A single instance of the item; or
2. One customer, for multiple instances of the item.
Technical Notes
1. ″Cryptographic activation″ techniques and mechanisms may be implemented as hardware, ″software″ or ″technology″.
2. Mechanisms for "cryptographic activation" can, for example, be serial number-based licence keys or authentication instruments such as digitally signed certificates.
Cat 5P2 "Cryptography"
The discipline which embodies principles, means and methods for the transformation of data in order to hide its information content, prevent its undetected modification or prevent its unauthorized use. "Cryptography" is limited to the transformation of information using one or more 'secret parameters' (e.g., crypto variables) or associated key management.
Notes
1. "Cryptography" does not include 'fixed' data compression or coding techniques.
2. "Cryptography" includes decryption.
Technical Notes
1. 'Secret parameter': a constant or key kept from the knowledge of others or shared only within a group.
2. 'Fixed': the coding or compression algorithm cannot accept externally supplied parameters (e.g., cryptographic or key variables) and cannot be modified by the user.
Cat 6 "CW Laser"
A "laser" that produces a nominally constant output energy for greater than 0.25 seconds.
Cat 4 "Cyber incident response"
ML21 The process of exchanging necessary information on a cybersecurity incident with individuals or organisations responsible for conducting or coordinating remediation to address the cybersecurity incident.
"Data device"
Equipment capable of transmitting or receiving sequences of digital information.
Cat 7 "Data-Based Referenced Navigation" ("DBRN") Systems
Systems which use various sources of previously measured geo-mapping data integrated to provide accurate navigation information under dynamic conditions. Data sources include bathymetric maps, stellar maps, gravity maps, magnetic maps or 3-D digital terrain maps.
GTN "Development"
Both Lists Is related to all stages prior to serial production, such as: design, design research, design analyses, design concepts, assembly and testing of prototypes, pilot production schemes, design data, process of transforming design data into a product, configuration design, integration design, layouts.
Cat 1, 2 "Diffusion bonding"
A solid-state joining of at least two separate pieces of metals into a single piece with a joint strength equivalent to that of the weakest material, wherein the principal mechanism is interdiffusion of atoms across the interface.
Cat 4, 5P1 "Digital computer"
ML21 Equipment which can, in the form of one or more discrete variables, perform all of the following:
a. Accept data;
b. Store data or instructions in fixed or alterable (writable) storage devices;
c. Process data by means of a stored sequence of instructions which is modifiable; and
d. Provide output of data.
Technical Note
Modifications of a stored sequence of instructions include replacement of fixed storage devices, but not a physical change in wiring or interconnections.
"Digital transfer rate"
The total bit rate of the information that is directly transferred on any type of medium. (See also "total digital transfer rate").
"Discrete component"
A separately packaged "circuit element" with its own external connections.
Cat 2, 3, 4 "Electronic assembly"
A number of electronic components (i.e., "circuit elements", "discrete components", integrated circuits, etc.) connected together to perform (a) specific function(s), replaceable as an entity and normally capable of being disassembled.
Cat 2 "End-effectors"
ML17 Grippers, 'active tooling units' and any other tooling that is attached to the baseplate on the end of a "robot" manipulator arm.
Technical Note
'Active tooling units' are devices for applying motive power, process energy or sensing to a workpiece.
Cat 1 "Energetic materials"
ML8 Substances or mixtures that react chemically to release energy required for their intended application. "Explosives", "pyrotechnics" and "propellants" are subclasses of energetic materials.
Cat 6 "Equivalent density"
The mass of an optic per unit optical area projected onto the optical surface.
Cat 1 "Equivalent standards"
ML6, 13 Comparable national or international standards recognised by one or more Wassenaar Arrangement Participating States and applicable to the relevant entry.
ML8, 18 "Explosives"
Cat 1 Solid, liquid or gaseous substances or mixtures of substances which, in their application as primary, booster, or main charges in warheads, demolition and other applications, are required to detonate.
Cat 9 "FADEC Systems"
Full Authority Digital Engine Control Systems – A digital electronic control system for a gas turbine engine that is able to autonomously control the engine throughout its whole operating range from demanded engine start until demanded engine shut-down, in both normal and fault conditions.
Cat 1, 8, 9 "Fibrous or filamentary materials"
ML13 Include:
a. Continuous monofilaments;
b. Continuous yarns and rovings;
c. Tapes, fabrics, random mats and braids;
d. Chopped fibres, staple fibres and coherent fibre blankets;
e. Whiskers, either monocrystalline or polycrystalline, of any length;
f. Aromatic polyamide pulp.
ML15 "First generation image intensifier tubes"
Electrostatically focused tubes, employing input and output fibre optic or glass face plates, multi-alkali photocathodes (S-20 or S-25), but not microchannel plate amplifiers.
Cat 7 "Fly-by-light system"
A primary digital flight control system employing feedback to control the "aircraft" during flight, where the commands to the effectors/actuators are optical signals.
Cat 7 "Fly-by-wire system"
A primary digital flight control system employing feedback to control the "aircraft" during flight, where the commands to the effectors/actuators are electrical signals.
Cat 6, 8 "Focal plane array"
A linear or two-dimensional planar layer, or combination of planar layers, of individual detector elements, with or without readout electronics, which work in the focal plane.
Note This definition does not include a stack of single detector elements or any two, three or four element detectors provided time delay and integration is not performed within the element.
Cat 3 "Fractional bandwidth"
5P1, 5P2 The "instantaneous bandwidth" divided by the centre frequency, expressed as a percentage.
Cat 5P1 "Frequency hopping"
5P2, 6 A form of "spread spectrum" in which the transmission frequency of a single communication channel is made to change by a random or pseudo-random sequence of discrete steps.
Cat 3 "Frequency switching time"
The time (i.e., delay) taken by a signal when switched from an initial specified output frequency, to arrive at or within any of the following:
a. ±100 Hz of a final specified output frequency of less than 1 GHz; or
b. ±0.1 part per million of a final specified output frequency equal to or greater than 1 GHz.
Cat 8 "Fuel cell"
ML17 An electrochemical device that converts chemical energy directly into Direct Current (DC) electricity by consuming fuel from an external source.
Cat 1 "Fusible"
Capable of being cross-linked or polymerized further (cured) by the use of heat, radiation, catalysts, etc., or that can be melted without pyrolysis (charring).
Cat 3 "Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor" ("GAAFET")
A device having a single or multiple semiconductor conduction channel element(s) with a common gate structure that surrounds and controls current in all of the semiconductor conduction channel elements.
Note This definition includes nanosheet or nanowire field-effect and surrounding gate transistors and other "GAAFET" semiconductor channel element structures.
Cat 5P1 "Hard selectors"
Data or set of data, related to an individual (e.g., family name, given name, e-mail, street address, phone number or group affiliations).
Cat 9 "High output diesel engines"
Diesel engines with a specified brake mean effective pressure of 1.8 MPa or more at a speed of 2,300 r.p.m., provided the rated speed is 2,300 r.p.m. or more.
Cat 3 "Hybrid integrated circuit"
Any combination of integrated circuit(s), or integrated circuit with "circuit elements" or "discrete components" connected together to perform (a) specific function(s), and having all of the following characteristics:
a. Containing at least one unencapsulated device;
b. Connected together using typical IC production methods;
c. Replaceable as an entity; and
d. Not normally capable of being disassembled.
Cat 4 "Image enhancement"
The processing of externally derived information-bearing images by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform). This does not include algorithms using only linear or rotational transformation of a single image, such as translation, feature extraction, registration or false coloration.
GSN "Information security"
GISN All the means and functions ensuring the accessibility, confidentiality or
Cat 5P2 integrity of information or communications, excluding the means and functions intended to safeguard against malfunctions. This includes "cryptography", "cryptographic activation", 'cryptanalysis', protection against compromising emanations and computer security.
Technical Note
'Cryptanalysis': the analysis of a cryptographic system or its inputs and outputs to derive confidential variables or sensitive data, including clear text. (Reference: ISO 7498-2:1988 (E), paragraph 3.3.18).
Cat 3 "Instantaneous bandwidth"
5P1 The bandwidth over which output power remains constant within 3 dB without adjustment of other operating parameters.
Cat 3 "Interleaved Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)"
Devices that have multiple ADC units that sample the same analogue input at different times such that when the outputs are aggregated, the analogue input has been effectively sampled and converted at a higher sampling rate.
GTN "In the public domain"
GSN This means "technology" or "software" which has been made available
ML22 without restrictions upon its further dissemination.
Note Copyright restrictions do not remove "technology" or "software" from being "in the public domain".
Cat 6 "Intrinsic magnetic gradiometer"
A single magnetic field gradient sensing element and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient.
Cat 4 "Intrusion software"
5P2 "Software" specially designed or modified to avoid detection by 'monitoring tools', or to defeat 'protective countermeasures', of a computer or network-capable device, and performing any of the following:
a. The extraction of data or information, from a computer or network-capable device, or the modification of system or user data; or
b. The modification of the standard execution path of a "program" or process in order to allow the execution of externally provided instructions.
Notes
1. "Intrusion software" does not include any of the following:
a. Hypervisors, debuggers or Software Reverse Engineering (SRE) tools;
b. Digital Rights Management (DRM) "software"; or
c. "Software" designed to be installed by manufacturers, administrators or users, for the purposes of asset tracking or recovery.
2. Network-capable devices include mobile devices and smart meters.
Technical Notes
1. 'Monitoring tools': "software" or hardware devices, that monitor system behaviours or processes running on a device. This includes antivirus (AV) products, end point security products, Personal Security Products (PSP), Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) or firewalls.
2. 'Protective countermeasures': techniques designed to ensure the safe execution of code, such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Address Space Layout Randomisation (ASLR) or sandboxing.
Cat 1, 2, 3, "Laser"
5P1, 6, 7, 8, 9 An item that produces spatially and temporally coherent light through
ML9, 13, 17, 19 amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Cat 1 "Library" (parametric technical database)
ML17 A collection of technical information, reference to which may enhance the performance of relevant systems, equipment or components.
ML10 "Lighter-than-air vehicles"
Balloons and "airships" that rely on hot air or on lighter-than-air gases such as helium or hydrogen for their lift.
Cat 4 "Local area network"
5P1 A data communication system having all of the following characteristics:
a. Allows an arbitrary number of independent "data devices" to communicate directly with each other; and
b. Is confined to a geographical area of moderate size (e.g., office building, plant, campus, warehouse).
Cat 6 "Magnetic gradiometers"
Are designed to detect the spatial variation of magnetic fields from sources external to the instrument. They consist of multiple "magnetometers" and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient. (See also "Intrinsic Magnetic Gradiometer")
Cat 6 "Magnetometers"
Are designed to detect magnetic fields from sources external to the instrument. They consist of a single magnetic field sensing element and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of the magnetic field.
Cat 7 "Maintenance Level I"
The failure of an inertial navigation unit is detected on the "aircraft" by indications from the Control and Display Unit (CDU) or by the status message from the corresponding sub-system. By following the manufacturer's manual, the cause of the failure may be localised at the level of the malfunctioning Line Replaceable Unit (LRU). The operator then removes the LRU and replaces it with a spare.
Cat 7 "Maintenance Level II"
The defective LRU is sent to the maintenance workshop (the manufacturer's or that of the operator responsible for level II maintenance). At the maintenance workshop, the malfunctioning LRU is tested by various appropriate means to verify and localise the defective Shop Replaceable Assembly (SRA) module responsible for the failure. This SRA is removed and replaced by an operative spare. The defective SRA (or possibly the complete LRU) is then shipped to the manufacturer. "Maintenance Level II" does not include the disassembly or repair of specified accelerometers or gyro sensors.
Cat 1, 2 "Matrix"
8, 9 A substantially continuous phase that fills the space between particles, whiskers or fibres.
Cat 3 "Microcomputer microcircuit"
A "monolithic integrated circuit" or "multichip integrated circuit" containing an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) capable of executing general purpose instructions from an internal storage, on data contained in the internal storage.
Technical Note
The internal storage may be augmented by an external storage.
Cat 3 "Microprocessor microcircuit"
A "monolithic integrated circuit" or "multichip integrated circuit" containing an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) capable of executing a series of general purpose instructions from an external storage.
Technical Note
The "microprocessor microcircuit" normally does not contain integral user-accessible storage, although storage present on-the-chip may be used in performing its logic function.
Note This definition includes chip sets which are designed to operate together to provide the function of a "microprocessor microcircuit".
"Microprogram"
A sequence of elementary instructions maintained in a special storage, the execution of which is initiated by the introduction of its reference instruction into an instruction register.
Cat 3 "Monolithic integrated circuit"
A combination of passive or active "circuit elements" or both which:
a. Are formed by means of diffusion processes, implantation processes or deposition processes in or on a single semiconducting piece of material, a so-called chip;
b. Can be considered as indivisibly associated; and
c. Perform the function(s) of a circuit.
Cat 3, 5P1 "Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit" ("MMIC")
A "monolithic integrated circuit" that operates at microwave or millimeter wave frequencies.
Cat 6 "Monospectral imaging sensors"
Are capable of acquisition of imaging data from one discrete spectral band.
Cat 3 "Multichip integrated circuit"
Two or more "monolithic integrated circuits" bonded to a common "substrate".
Cat 3 "Multiple channel Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)"
Devices that integrate more than one ADC, designed so that each ADC has a separate analogue input.
Cat 6 "Multispectral imaging sensors"
Are capable of simultaneous or serial acquisition of imaging data from two or more discrete spectral bands. Sensors having more than twenty discrete spectral bands are sometimes referred to as hyperspectral imaging sensors.
Cat 6 "Non-repetitive pulsed"
"Lasers" that produce either a single output pulse or that have a time interval between pulses exceeding one minute.
ML9, 17 "Nuclear reactor"
Includes the items within or attached directly to the reactor vessel, the equipment which controls the level of power in the core, and the components which normally contain or come into direct contact with or control the primary coolant of the reactor core.
Cat 2 "Numerical control"
The automatic control of a process performed by a device that makes use of numeric data usually introduced as the operation is in progress (Reference: ISO 2382).
GSN "Object code"
An equipment executable form of a convenient expression of one or more processes ("source code" (or source language)) which has been compiled by a programming system.
Cat 5P2 "Operations, Administration or Maintenance" ("OAM")
Means performing one or more of the following tasks:
a. Establishing or managing any of the following:
1. Accounts or privileges of users or administrators;
2. Settings of an item; or
3. Authentication data in support of the tasks described in paragraphs a.1. or a.2.;
b. Monitoring or managing the operating condition or performance of an item; or
c. Managing logs or audit data in support of any of the tasks described in paragraphs a. or b.
Note "OAM" does not include any of the following tasks or their associated key management functions:
a. Provisioning or upgrading any cryptographic functionality that is not directly related to establishing or managing authentication data in support of the tasks described in paragraphs a.1. or a.2. above; or
b. Performing any cryptographic functionality on the forwarding or data plane of an item.
Cat 3 "Optical integrated circuit"
A "monolithic integrated circuit" or a "hybrid integrated circuit", containing one or more parts designed to function as a photosensor or photoemitter or to perform (an) optical or (an) electro-optical function(s).
Cat 6 "Peak power"
The highest power attained in the "pulse duration".
Cat 5P2 "Personal area network"
A data communication system having all of the following characteristics:
a. Allows an arbitrary number of independent or interconnected "data devices" to communicate directly with each other; and
b. Is confined to the communication between devices within the immediate physical vicinity of an individual person or device controller (e.g., single room, office or automobile).
Technical Note
The "local area network" extends beyond the geographical area of the "personal area network".
ML8 "Precursors"
Speciality chemicals used in the manufacture of explosives.
Cat 4 "Principal element"
An element is a "principal element" when its replacement value is more than 35% of the total value of the system of which it is an element. Element value is the price paid for the element by the manufacturer of the system, or by the system integrator. Total value is the normal international selling price to unrelated parties at the point of manufacture or consolidation of shipment.
GTN "Production"
Both Lists Means all production stages, such as: product engineering, manufacture, integration, assembly (mounting), inspection, testing, quality assurance.
Cat 1, 7 "Program"
A sequence of instructions to carry out a process in, or convertible into, a form executable by an electronic computer.
ML8 "Propellants"
Substances or mixtures that react chemically to produce large volumes of hot gases at controlled rates to perform mechanical work.
Cat 6 "Pulse compression"
The coding and processing of a radar signal pulse of long time duration to one of short time duration, while maintaining the benefits of high pulse energy.
Cat 6 "Pulse duration"
Duration of a "laser" pulse is the time between the half-power points on the leading edge and trailing edge of an individual pulse.
ML2, 4, 8 "Pyrotechnic(s)"
Mixtures of solid or liquid fuels and oxidizers which, when ignited, undergo an energetic chemical reaction at a controlled rate intended to produce specific time delays, or quantities of heat, noise, smoke, visible light or infrared radiation. Pyrophorics are a subclass of pyrotechnics, which contain no oxidizers but ignite spontaneously on contact with air.
Cat 5P2 "Quantum cryptography"
A family of techniques for the establishment of a shared key for "cryptography" by measuring the quantum-mechanical properties of a physical system (including those physical properties explicitly governed by quantum optics, quantum field theory, or quantum electrodynamics).
Cat 6 "Radar spread spectrum"
Any modulation technique for spreading energy originating from a signal with a relatively narrow frequency band, over a much wider band of frequencies, by using random or pseudo-random coding.
Cat 6 "Radiant sensitivity"
Radiant sensitivity (mA/W) = 0.807 x (wavelength in nm) x Quantum Efficiency (QE).
Technical Note
QE is usually expressed as a percentage; however, for the purposes of this formula QE is expressed as a decimal number less than one, e.g., 78% is 0.78.
Cat 6 "Real-time processing"
The processing of data by a computer system providing a required level of service, as a function of available resources, within a guaranteed response time, regardless of the load of the system, when stimulated by an external event.
Cat 7 "Repeatability"
The closeness of agreement among repeated measurements of the same variable under the same operating conditions when changes in conditions or non-operating periods occur between measurements. (Reference: IEEE 528-2001 (one sigma standard deviation))
Cat 3, 5P1 "Required"
6, 7, 9 As applied to "technology", refers to only that portion of "technology"
GTN which is peculiarly responsible for achieving or exceeding the controlled
ML22 performance levels, characteristics or functions. Such "required" "technology" may be shared by different products.
Cat 1 "Riot Control Agents" ("RCAs")
ML7 Substances which, under the expected conditions of use for riot control purposes, produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure. (Tear gases are a subset of "riot control agents".)
Note "RCAs" include:
1. α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile, (Bromobenzyl cyanide) (CA) (CAS 5798-79-8);
2. [(2-chlorophenyl) methylene] propanedinitrile, (o-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile) (CS) (CAS 2698-41-1);
3. 2-Chloro-1-phenylethanone, Phenylacyl chloride (-chloroacetophenone) (CN) (CAS 532-27-4);
4. Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine, (CR) (CAS 257-07-8);
5. 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine, (Phenarsazine chloride), (Adamsite), (DM) (CAS 578-94-9);
6. N-Nonanoylmorpholine, (MPA) (CAS 5299-64-9).
Cat 2, 8 "Robot"
ML17 A manipulation mechanism, which may be of the continuous path or of the point-to-point variety, may use sensors, and has all the following characteristics:
a. Is multifunctional;
b. Is capable of positioning or orienting material, parts, tools or special devices through variable movements in three dimensional space;
c. Incorporates three or more closed or open loop servo-devices which may include stepping motors; and
d. Has "user-accessible programmability" by means of the teach/playback method or by means of an electronic computer which may be a programmable logic controller, i.e., without mechanical intervention.
Note The above definition does not include the following devices:
1. Manipulation mechanisms which are only manually/tele-operator controllable;
2. Fixed sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is mechanically limited by fixed stops, such as pins or cams. The sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are not variable or changeable by mechanical, electronic or electrical means;
3. Mechanically controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is mechanically limited by fixed, but adjustable stops, such as pins or cams. The sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are variable within the fixed programme pattern. Variations or modifications of the programme pattern (e.g., changes of pins or exchanges of cams) in one or more motion axes are accomplished only through mechanical operations;
4. Non-servo-controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is variable but the sequence proceeds only by the binary signal from mechanically fixed electrical binary devices or adjustable stops;
5. Stacker cranes defined as Cartesian coordinate manipulator systems manufactured as an integral part of a vertical array of storage bins and designed to access the contents of those bins for storage or retrieval.
Cat 3 "Sample rate"
For an Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC) the maximum number of samples that are measured at the analogue input over a period of one second, except for oversampling ADCs. For oversampling ADCs the "sample rate" is taken to be its output word rate. "Sample rate" may also be referred to as sampling rate, usually specified in Mega Samples Per Second (MSPS) or Giga Samples Per Second (GSPS), or conversion rate, usually specified in Hertz (Hz).
Cat 5, 9 "Satellite"
A "spacecraft", other than a "space vehicle", designed to operate in orbit around Earth or another celestial body; "satellites" include orbital space stations.
Cat 5P2, 7 "Satellite navigation system"
ML11 A system consisting of ground stations, a constellation of "satellites", and receivers, that enables receiver locations to be calculated on the basis of signals received from the "satellites". It includes Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems.
Cat 7 "Scale factor" (gyro or accelerometer)
The ratio of change in output to a change in the input intended to be measured. Scale factor is generally evaluated as the slope of the straight line that can be fitted by the method of least squares to input-output data obtained by varying the input cyclically over the input range.
Cat 3 "Signal analysers"
Apparatus capable of measuring and displaying basic properties of the single-frequency components of multi-frequency signals.
Cat 3, 4 "Signal processing"
5P1, 6 The processing of externally derived information-bearing signals by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform).
Both Lists "Software"
A collection of one or more "programs" or "microprograms" fixed in any tangible medium of expression.
Cat 6, 7, 9 "Source code"
A convenient expression of one or more processes which may be turned by a programming system into equipment executable form ("object code" (or object language)).
Cat 5, 9 "Spacecraft"
ML11 A craft designed to operate in, persist in or transit through space in the form of a "satellite", "space probe", or "space vehicle".
Note "Spacecraft" does not include landers, rovers, or other craft, limited by design to operate on or beneath the surface of, or in the atmosphere of an extra-terrestrial celestial body, or "sub-orbital craft".
Cat 9 "Spacecraft bus"
Equipment that provides the support infrastructure of the "spacecraft" and location for the "spacecraft mission equipment".
Cat 9 "Spacecraft mission equipment"
Equipment designed to be located on a "spacecraft bus", and to perform a mission in space or to enable the "spacecraft" to perform its mission (e.g., communications, observation, science, transport).
Technical Note
"Spacecraft mission equipment" is sometimes referred to as a spacecraft payload.
Cat 9 "Space probe"
A "spacecraft", other than a "satellite" or "space vehicle", designed not to return to Earth.
Cat 9 "Space vehicle"
A "spacecraft" designed to provide transport for cargo or passengers.
Note "Space vehicles" include craft designed to safely return to Earth.
Cat 3, 6, 7 "Space-qualified"
ML19 Designed, manufactured, or qualified through successful testing, for operation at altitudes greater than 100 km above the surface of the Earth.
Note A determination that a specific item is "space- qualified" by virtue of testing does not mean that other items in the same production run or model series are "space-qualified” if not individually tested.
Cat 1 "Specific modulus"
Young's modulus in pascals, equivalent to N/m², divided by specific weight in N/m³, measured at a temperature of 296 ± 2 K (23 ± 2°C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%.
Cat 1 "Specific tensile strength"
Ultimate tensile strength in pascals, equivalent to N/m², divided by specific weight in N/m³, measured at a temperature of 296 ± 2 K (23 ± 2°C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%.
Cat 7 "Spinning mass gyros"
"Spinning mass gyros" are gyros which use a continually rotating mass to sense angular motion.
Cat 5P1 "Spread spectrum"
5P2 The technique whereby energy in a relatively narrow-band communication channel is spread over a much wider energy spectrum.
Cat 6 "Spread spectrum" radar - see "Radar spread spectrum"
Cat 7 "Stability"
Standard deviation (1 sigma) of the variation of a particular parameter from its calibrated value measured under stable temperature conditions. This can be expressed as a function of time.
Statement of Understanding
For gyroscopes and accelerometers, "stability" can be estimated by determining the Allan variance noise-analysis value at the integration period (i.e., sample time) consistent with the stated measurement period, which may include extrapolating the Allan variance noise analysis beyond the instability point into the rate/acceleration random walk or rate/acceleration ramp regions to an integration period consistent with the stated measurement period (Reference: IEEE 952-1997 [R2008] or IEEE 1293-1998 [R2008]).
Cat 9 "Steady state mode"
The term "steady state mode" defines engine operation conditions, where the engine parameters, such as thrust/power, rpm and others, have no appreciable fluctuations, when the ambient air temperature and pressure at the engine inlet are constant.
Cat 9 "Strong mechanical bond"
A bond having a bond strength equal to or greater than propellant strength.
Cat 9 "Sub-orbital craft"
ML10 A craft having an enclosure designed for the transport of people or cargo, which is designed to:
a. Operate above the stratosphere;
b. Only perform non-orbital trajectories; and
c. Land back on Earth with the people or cargo intact.
Cat 3 "Substrate"
A sheet of base material with or without an interconnection pattern and on which or within which "discrete components" or integrated circuits or both can be located.
Cat 3, 6 "Substrate blanks"
Monolithic compounds with dimensions suitable for the production of optical elements such as mirrors or optical windows.
Cat 2, 9 "Superalloy"
Nickel-, cobalt- or iron-base alloys having a stress rupture life greater than 1000 hours at 400 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength greater than 850 MPa, at 922 K (649°C) or higher.
Cat 1, 3 "Superconductive"
5P1, 6, 8 Refers to materials, (i.e., metals, alloys or compounds) which can lose all
ML20 electrical resistance (i.e., which can attain infinite electrical conductivity and carry very large electrical currents without Joule heating).
Technical Note
The "superconductive" state of a material is individually characterised by a "critical temperature", a critical magnetic field, which is a function of temperature, and a critical current density which is, however, a function of both magnetic field and temperature.
Cat 6 "Super High Power Laser" ("SHPL")
A "laser" capable of delivering (the total or any portion of) the output energy exceeding 1 kJ within 50 ms or having an average or CW power exceeding 20 kW.
Cat 1, 2 "Superplastic forming"
A deformation process using heat for metals that are normally characterised by low values of elongation (less than 20%) at the breaking point as determined at room temperature by conventional tensile strength testing, in order to achieve elongations during processing which are at least 2 times those values.
GTN & "Technology"
Both Lists Specific information necessary for the "development", "production" or "use" of a product. The information takes the form of 'technical data' or 'technical assistance'. Specified "technology" for the Dual-Use List is defined in the General Technology Note and in the Dual-Use List. Specified "technology" for the Munitions List is defined in ML22.
Technical Notes
1. 'Technical data' may take forms such as blueprints, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, algorithms, tables, engineering designs and specifications, manuals and instructions written or recorded on other media or devices such as disk, tape, read-only memories.
2. 'Technical assistance' may take forms such as instruction, skills, training, working knowledge, consulting services. 'Technical assistance' may involve transfer of 'technical data'.
Cat 2 "Tilting spindle"
A tool-holding spindle which alters, during the machining process, the angular position of its centre line with respect to any other axis.
Cat 6 "Time constant"
The time taken from the application of a light stimulus for the current increment to reach a value of 1-1/e times the final value (i.e., 63% of the final value).
Cat 9 "Tip shroud"
A stationary ring component (solid or segmented) attached to the inner surface of the engine turbine casing or a feature at the outer tip of the turbine blade, which primarily provides a gas seal between the stationary and rotating components.
Cat 7 "Total control of flight"
Automated control of "aircraft" state variables and flight path to meet mission objectives responding to real time changes in data regarding objectives, hazards or other "aircraft".
Cat 5P1 "Total digital transfer rate"
The number of bits, including line coding, overhead and so forth per unit time passing between corresponding equipment in a digital transmission system. (See also "digital transfer rate")
Cat 6 "Tunable"
The ability of a "laser" to produce a continuous output at all wavelengths over a range of several "laser" transitions. A line selectable "laser" produces discrete wavelengths within one "laser" transition and is not considered "tunable".
Cat 2 "Unidirectional positioning repeatability"
The smaller of values R↑ and R↓ (forward and backward), as defined by 3.21 of ISO 230-2:2014 or national equivalents, of an individual machine tool axis.
Cat 9 "Unmanned aerial vehicle" ("UAV")
ML10 Any "aircraft" capable of initiating flight and sustaining controlled flight and navigation without any human presence on board.
GTN "Use"
Dual-Use List Operation, installation (including on-site installation), maintenance
(checking), repair, overhaul and refurbishing.
Cat 6 "User-accessible programmability"
The facility allowing a user to insert, modify or replace "programs" by means other than:
a. A physical change in wiring or interconnections; or
b. The setting of function controls including entry of parameters.
Cat 3 "Vacuum electronic devices"
Electronic devices based on the interaction of an electron beam with an electromagnetic wave propagating in a vacuum circuit or interacting with radio-frequency vacuum cavity resonators. "Vacuum electronic devices" include klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, and their derivatives.
Cat 4 "Vulnerability disclosure"
ML21 The process of identifying, reporting or communicating a vulnerability to, or analysing a vulnerability with, individuals or organisations responsible for conducting or coordinating remediation for the purposes of resolving the vulnerability.
Cat 6 "Wall-plug efficiency"
The ratio of "laser" output power (or "average output power") to total electrical input power required to operate the "laser", including the power supply/conditioning and thermal conditioning/heat exchanger.